Curriculum Design for Inclusive Practice Essay

This assignment will give me the opportunity to explore an area of curriclum I have delivered in detail and write a crictical and reflective commentary; with reference to issues related to the development and quality of the curriclum. In doing so, I shall first identify and analyse the range of contexts in which the education and training are offered in the lifelong learning sector (LLS); explore definitions of curriclum and justify which is most applicable in my area of the curriculum; examine the theories, principles and models of curriculum design and its implementation by evaluating their impact on teaching and learning; and evaluate the significance of equality and diversity to curriculum design and demonstrate the ability to promote equality within my own practice. Finally I will critically evaluate my own practice by making proposals for improvements with reference to a range of theories, principles and modles of curriculum development relevant to the curriculum. My subject sp ecialism in teaching within the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) is ESOL (English to Speakers of Other languages) and the area of curriclum i shall explore in detail withing this assignment is Skills for Life Level Entry 3. The context I teach in mainly comes under the community and adult education within the Lifelong learning; a sector which is very broad consisting of work based learning, distance learning, private training providers, voluntary and prison education which are some of many other contexts which delivers education to its learners aged 16 and above. (see appendix i) Leaning can occur throughout every person’s life and opportunities are there in UK to meet educational needs for learners of all different walks of life. Thus, the different context in which education sits contributes to the way how one defines currioculum and in which the curriculum is designed and facilitated to meet its purpose. A useful starting point would be to define ‘curriclum’. It is important to make note that there are many numerous definitions as ‘curruclum’ within the lifelong learning setor is very broad and complex; therefore it would not be appropriate to apply one single definition. ‘Curriculum’ is usually seen as  a set syllabus by an awarding body which provides the content to be learned and assessed. It is then up to the subject teacher, myself working collabratively with my mentor to plan the course and produce a scheme of work. (Scales 2008). However, in my opinion, ‘curriculum’ is something more which aligns more closely to the definition offered by Schubert (1987), ‘the contents of a subject, concepts and tasks to be acquired, planned activities, the desired learning outcomes and experiences, product of culture and an agenda to reform society ‘. This indicates that curriclum has a wider purpose that serves to meet the needs of the society. I would also add to this that ‘curriclum’ is incorporating the whole of the learners expereince, both formally and informally. (Pastance, 2003). This I could not agree more as ESOL curriculum delivered is not all formal learning and includes informal teachings such as social conventions reflected through the way I teach; heircahy reperesented through the teacher and leaners; and promoting and encouraging confidence and independence. This is done indirectly without setting tasks and planned activities and nor is it part of the lesson plan but is equally part of the curriclum. (Vallance, 1974) Prior to 1999, there was no centralised funding for ESOL and there was no standardised training or curriclum. Therefore, ESOL was taught by professionals who had the sole responsibiity of the content and delivery of the subject. ESOL had not progreesed and devloped as much as the other subjects areas and had not been the focus of the government. Therefore, teachers relied on knowldege produced by experts and reseachers of particular area such as second language aquasition to help develop learning in ESOL. (Dunkin and Briddle, 1974) However, since there has been many factors that has impacted on ESOL curriclum. Followed by a report from the Department of Education (2000) on ‘breaking the langauge barrier’; it led to skills for life strategy, ESOL Core Curriculum, and publication of related learning materials. This has been cricticed as this centralised control led to a heavy bearaucratic burden on teachers, for adutiting purposes and ecnomic motive related to global competitiveness instead of actually facilitating language learning or meeting the learners needs. (Callaghan, 2006) This ineterst by the government can be seen from a marxist view that educational organisations are used to maintain power and control within the soicety. This is done through conytroling what should be learnt and how it should be learnt. (Lye, 1999) Since, the currriclum has become prescribed and does not allow much room for creativity and flexibility. It is also not very inclusine as it does not take into individual account and makes assumptions that learenrs would already have understandig of certain Engliah language knowledge and skills. New technology has impacted significantly on the ESOL curriculum. With the use of of modern technology there seems to have been as shift from the traditional prescriptive approach used to teach English language towards more descriptive approach. Prescriptive represented the view that one variety of language holds a higher status and is more correct than others; thereforse this variety of language should be taught in ESOL curriculum. (Fromkin et. al., 2004) The descriptive approach, by contrast, celebrates the diverse usages of ESOL languages and does not condemn the use of standardised rules of language set by linguistics. (Crystal, 2006) The modern technology has a a lot to answer for this shift. The internet and short or instant messages had devebloped a langauge of its own which English speakeers have adopted and diverged from the standarddise english. This has put ESOL professionals under huge pressure to meet the demands of the social change and consider somehow to apply it in E SOL and look at short messages and various types of emails in the curriculum that uses informal language and acceptable slang. (Canaan, 2006) Prescriptist supports the classical humanists ideology as it does not want to break away from the standard English and grammatical rules and meet the demand of the social changing trend. It resembles academic atittude and standards with formality. This is still evident in writing skills as Esol professional adhere standard English (see appendix ii). However, in refernce to speaking skills, the shift has occurred and there is a dialect which resembles to more natural order of the socity and reflects liberal humanism. The modal relevant here is the Process Modal presented by Stenhouse () as it allows the teaher to facilitate learning and focus on learning that derives from experience. All leaners have some experience and knowledge of Eg;ish lanague which they bring into classroom with them as tey all have social and life skills. Therefore, it is important for the teacher to work with that by assessing continuously and correcting mistakes. It is very student focused and allows the teacher to develop the whole person by looking at the process of learning ones goes through and how to aid that learning. Thus, as professionals the lesson is planned around how the learning will take place through the learning activity chosen and what is to be learnt. (Neary, 2002) The danger with this modal is that although it allows me to be inclsive of all learners and differentiate, but it has no clear direction and neglects the importance of content. (Neary, 2002) New government policies have impacted on the curriclum. Since the race riots in Bradford, Oldham and Burnley, a review lead by Ted Cantle (2001) proposed that people living in immigrant communities would need to learn English in order to aid community cohesion. (Cantle, 2001) This community cohesion review led to The UK Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002, which required those from 2005 wishing to settle in the UK permanantly had to pass a certain level of English language and knowledge of ‘life in the UK’. This has been implmented in entry levels of ESOL curriclum with parts of unit focusing on citizenship. This has had a huge impact on the curriculum design by adding units on citizenship including subjects such as history of Brtitain, UK parliament, the royal family and Beatles etc. (see appendix iii) This part of the curriclum has come under a great scrutiny. It has been criticised as promoting assimilation instead of celebrating diversity. It has also been criticsied for not being inclusive as it forces immigrant communities to adopt the majority culture and not that of their own. (Han, Starkey, and Green, 2010) Also, adding citizenship which alone is a subject in its own right reduces the quality of an effective curriculum as citizenship does not faciitate language learning. This part of the curruclum reflects classical humanist whereby it promotes knowledge of the high culture and culture heritage. There also appears to be a sense of soicalisation process of ‘Cultural Hegemony’ presented by Gransci. (Lye, 1997) Gransci presented how the such culturally diverse society was dominated by the beliefs, explanantion, perception and values of the ruling class which was acceptred by the norm in the way that was percoeved as natural, beneficial and better. (Matheson and Limon, 1990) The content model is relevant in designing this part of the curriclum as it assumes that what we learn is facts and knowledge. It is non- vocational and heavily subject based where it employes the ESOL professional as a tecaher and not a facilitator. The social and economy changes has also impacted on the Esol curriclum. Since 2004, there has been a growth in Eeastern European (EU) immigrants into UK and due to langauge barrier has prevented some to find employment. Therefore, the Department of Work and Pension made it neccasry for those on jobseekers benefit with no English to make it a priority to learn English language as it would reduce unemployment and contribute towards the economy. This has effected the curriculum at the entry evel level as part of the currilcum involves focusing on looking at job adverts, fill in application forms, write CVs, and prepare for interviews. (see appendix iv) Role plays are also used in which the learners practise answering the phone at work, or asking for clarification of instructions; all of which can be considered as employability skills, rahter than work that develops learners’ literacy and English language skills. (Baynham and Roberts, 2007) Yet again, it is an area of the curriclu m which an ESOL profesional is not specialised in employability skills and therefore can hinder on both the langauge learning and emplyability skills. This part of the curriclum reflects an instrumentalist view espcially the emplyoment and skiils unit which are designed to develop the knowledge and skills required for employment. (Armitage et al, 1999) It seems to reflects states priority and why should it not when the state pays for the education. (Callaghan, 1976) There is a clear evidence that the purpose of  certain parts of the curriclum percived by the givernment is to serve the socirty and economy and as teacher our duty is to meet the government priortise by delivering for them. Thus, it has an impact on the deliver whereby knoweldege given to the learner is factual and very much much teacher led. With this knowledge the aim of the teacher is to prepare the leaners for the worksforce and their role in the society. (Armitage et al, 1999) The government ulitmaite aim is to produce a highly educated workforce as it is essential in meeting the needs of the ecnomy. However, the danger with this is that not all leaners on ESOL achieve at this level skills that can lead to emplyoement. Secondly, nor does the learners always progress to higher level of English which then can lead to further skilled qualifications and emplyment. This creates social exclusion and leaners remain in poverty. (Williams, 2008) Product model which was presented by Tyler (1949) and Taba () , is used to design this part ofteh curriclum as the focus is not what is to be learnt, but what the learners will end up being able to do. This allows the professionals to look at which has outcimes that can be measured and is particular useful apparoach in preparing people for working life. However, it is not inclsuive of learners who are creative and critical thinkers. Last of all, the context and the organisation one works in has an impact on the curriculum one delivers and it has been the most significant for me. Esol Entry 3 delivered in the community such as the Childrens Centre where it has its own ethics of work and learning aims, are very different to college where the focus will be on the syllabus and units of the curriclum. The childrens centre would work different to a college whereby the centre is not strict with puntuality, provides paper and stationary, no homework unless the learner would like some. Also, not all leaners are required to sit the summative assessement unless the learners chose to do so and more focus is on the formative assessment. These are the significant differences from teaching entry 3 esol in community and in Further education college Teaching at the Childrens Centre is very progressive and is the idelogy I  embrace and exercise the most as it belives that there is a need to create a democratic soceity by encouraging personal growth of each learner. It is very student centred and involves active learning where the student are able to set their own goals with the teacher and achoeve them. Dewy (1916) who developed this ideology belived that students were at the centre of the educational and learning process and the purpose of the education is to unlock the potential of the learner. (Neary, 2002) owver the crictics claim that this lacks discipline and had no direction. But it has ultimately shown to have increased learners confodence and independence which is vital at this level of studny and for the leaners of there situation in life. (Neary, 2002) This allowed me to adapt The situational model which is very relevant with my group of ESOL learners. Often coming from an unhappy backgrounds, lacking motivation and financial stability has an impact on their focus in the classroom. Therefore, this modal has allowed me to focus on the learner by adapting the curriculum to impact the learner as a whole by being able to look outside the written syllabus which will help the development of the leaner. (Skilbeck, 1984) As most adults are from vulnerable backgrounds and does not have Engish as a first langauge means that developing ones self-confidence is a priority through teamwork, giving good advice and guiding them towards financial competence, teaching about the education system and the accessibility of opportunities for work experience and work-based learning. This is not part of the written sylabus and is known as hidden curriclum which is equally important in developing the learner and move them to a higher levels of esteem and he lp them in process of self actaulaisation. It has come to my knowdge that I need to adopt a process model of curriculum and tie it to situational model to allow for inclusive learning. Balancing the course measurement system, which is geared towards the outcomes, and measure of success which I use equips my learners with the skills and confidence and interest to tackle other challenges in their life but does not alone gives a rounded learning experience. It would also be inclusive to tie situational modal with the product modal as it would also contribute  towtds a well rounded inclusive learning expereince and an effective curriculum design. Education should be all about the learner and his/her expereinces as a person which helps them develop themeslves as a person, as a means to ecnomic ends and as a citizen. (Petty, 2009) Therefore it is vital to designa currriculum that enables to fulful this purpose. Most of the Esol curriculum design is based on thematic approach as many areas of the curriculum are connected together and integrated within a theme. It allows learning to be more natural and less fragmented than being divided into different subject areas. It allows literacy to grow progressively, with vocabulary linked and with spelling and sentence writing being frequently, yet smoothly, reinforced and provides context for communication. (Drikx and Pranger, 1997) Esol on the other hand, also reflects a spiral apprach. The core idea of the spiral approach is that basic knowledge and concepts are revisited repeatedly as new material is introduced. In this way a student’s learning develops in a spiral fashion – ever increasing in sophistication as earlier knowledge and concepts are recircled and enriched. With a spiral approach students have repeated opportunities to grasp the way in which knowledge and concepts are interrelated. The concept of the spiral curriculum was introduced to curriculum design by educationalist Jerome Bruner which helps to internalise the learing. (Knight, 2001) I prefer both these appraches as it has singnificant on effective learning. However I should consider Linear approach to be inclusive as learners learn in different ways to have more effective curriculum. Effective curriculum design is so important for ESOL learners because they are not as adaptable as students who have progressed up the formal education system. For example, in the Higher Education system, it is possible to make assumptions about the learners in the classroom, they have greater self-control and discipline, and for this reason, it is fair to make a generalisation about your learners. Inclusive practice is so central to ESOL students because they come to the ‘classroom’ with so many emotional, social and practical barriers to learning. It is certainly not a ‘level playing field’. To conclude, different part of the currilcum stem from different ideoogies and thus different design modals shape them. However, whilst the modals might be the best for that particular curriclum does not mean it will work best with all the leaners. Therefore,to be inclusive, it is crucial to combine two modals together so that all learners are included within the curriclum and is the most effective. Curriculum design for inclusive practice is central to effective learning and teaching. I also feel the aim of curriculum design should be to focus it to fit the learner. However, effective teaching and learning is not just about the design of the formal curriculum, or syllabus but equally important is the design and delivery of the informal curriculum. Inclusive practice means understanding learners’ needs and then personalising both the content and process (or delivery) of the learning. At all times, inclusive practice needs to be continuously built into the curriculum and revise d every lesson to be made adaptable to meet the ever changing needs of the learner.

Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Essay

Carlo asserts â€Å"War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books.† By close reference to the novel, explore how war shows people at their worst and their best. The novel Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, written by Louis De Bernieres in 1994, explores â€Å"humanity; we sigh at their suffering as they are ripped apart and forever changed by war.†1 The quotation in the title is spoken by Carlo quite early on in the novel, at the end of chapter 15, titled ‘L’Omosessuale (4)’. He is referring to the idea that war is repeatedly shown to be patriotic, heroic, and indeed wonderful especially in film and literature. However, from Carlos’ experiences in Albania, he knows the true reality of war, as he has seen and experienced the suffering. We can trace Carlos’ progression of thought through his personal chapters; all entitled ‘L’Omosessuale’. He begins saying, â€Å"How wonderful it was to be at this war†(p.119) We hear him describe crossing the foreign border as â€Å"exhilarating†, and he and his comrades view themselves as â€Å"the new legionaries of the new empire that would last ten thousand years.†(p.119) This was his view at the very beginning of war, before he had really experienced any suffering. As he is yet to encounter any conflict, it is likely he has been influenced by the propaganda at the time, organised by the Italian leader, Mussolini. The next quotation is said slightly further on during Carlos’ experience, â€Å"How wonderful it was to be at war, until the weather turned against us.†(p.120) It is here that we begin to hear of some of the suffering that Carlo and his comrades had to endure, such as â€Å"we were ten thousand men soaked to the bone†(p.120). The real tragedy of war is death, and Carlo has had direct experience of this. He says, â€Å"War is wonderful until someone is killed†(p.122). This is when De Bernieres chooses to use graphic images to show the suffering that Carlo and his comrades endure. â€Å"I realised that I was covered with gory scraps of human flesh that were freezing fast to my uniform†(p.122). Finally, Carlo says the quotation in the title, â€Å"War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books† on page 124. It is here that Carlo has realised the actuality of war, and can see that this idealised version is fictitious and can only be seen in movie and in books. â€Å"War scorches a trail through all of their lives. What seems, at the beginning of the novel, like a game, a challenge to manhood, a matter of honour, an occasion for political satire, becomes an appalling reality.2 Carlo asserts that war is shown to be wonderful in movies and in books. However, De Bernieres does not follow this trend, and shows the war for what it is. De Bernieres’ characters starve and die slowly with their entrails hanging out; he depicts the horror that they have to endure to fight for their country, and the suffering that they are put through. In Albania, Carlo says â€Å"It was as though a portion of my mind has disappeared, or as though my soul had diminished to a tiny point of grey light†(p.138). De Bernieres also shows the gore and bloodshed caused by the war, when he describes the death of Francesco. In chapter 19, L’Omosessuale (6), De Bernieres uses Carlo’s narrative to tell the reader the true details of Francesco’s death, and then the sanitised version for his mother. As well as this showing Carlos’ considerate nature, it also confirms that many people did view the war in a very different light from its reality, including Francesco’s mother. â€Å"He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing.† â€Å"(He died on a day when the snow was melting and when, beneath that carapace, there were emerging a thousand corpses, knapsacks, rusted riffles, water bottles, illegible unfinished letters drenched in blood)† (p.148). Corelli wrote the novel, after falling in love with the Island of Cephallonia, and wanting to inform readers about what happened to this Island during World War II. For this reason, he has depicted a very real and veritable account of atrocities that occurred during the Second World War. â€Å"Everyone is shot, without regard for rank or role, even the medics and the chaplains.†3 However, in the film adaptation of Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, directed by John Madden, war is viewed in a very different light. De Bernieres has said of the film â€Å"The problem is that film-makers take out all your good ideas and replace them with a load of stupid ones.†4 The depiction of war in the film is very different and many scenes seem to have been â€Å"watered down†5, in order to appeal to far wider audience. The movie has been widely criticised, after changing the story line drastically from a tragic story of the destruction and consequences of war, to a love story between Corelli and Pelagia. â€Å"Where de Bernià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½res’ book makes it clear from the start that war is unforgivingly ugly, for a long time the film’s only hint of this is a glimpse of Mandras’s battle-scarred feet.†6 Although much of De Bernieres novel depicts the horror of war, some of the consequences of war are indeed wonderful. Corelli and Pelagia would have never found love without the intervention of war in their lives, and although ultimately war destroys their love, the moments spent together made the war endurable. The prefatory poem at the beginning on the novel shows Louis De Bernieres hinting, even before the novel has begun, that war will be an important theme throughout. ‘The Soldier’ by Humbert Wolfe describes the waste of war, and the loss of lives and of youth. Links are evident between this poem and Captain Corelli’s mandolin as they both explore the way in which war has an effect on different people. The presence of war on the Island of Cephallonia has various effects on different characters and can expose people’s flaws and merits. An excellent example of this is the contrast shown between Mandras and Antonio Corelli. Corelli has been drawn into a war that he really has no heart for. â€Å"You mean you’re a soldier by mistake?† (p. 206, Pelagia). He has no desires to be a soldier and his character is often seen as anti-military. When giving punishments he does not follow the rules that are expected of him, â€Å"To everyone’s surprise the captain pointed his pistol straight into the face of one of the culprits†(p.324). However, although he had no intention of doing so, Corelli proves to be an excellent comrade and shows morality throughout the war. â€Å"This is my morality, I make myself imagine that it is personal†(p.351). This is greatly contrasted with the character of Mandras. He has very high expectations about the life of a soldier and feels he has to prove himself to Pelagia and the rest of the Island. He resents those who know more than him, yet does not want to prove himself intellectually, as he believes â€Å"no man is a man until he has been a soldier†(p.80) Carlos’ assertion that war is wonderful in movies and in books reflects a idealised view of the war. However, Mandras believes that this view was the reality of war and he felt that becoming a soldier would make him more worthy as a man. â€Å"I’ll come back and everyone will say, That’s Mandras, who fought in the war. We owe everything to people like him.† He is indoctrinated by what is expected of him, and is predicted to conform. However high Mandras’ expectations were, the war does not elevate him, it brings him down. During his experiences in war he saw others abuse their power, and now feels he has a right to do the same, The war de-humanises him, and instead of changing him for the better it changes him for the worse. The war in Cephallonia showed the best and the worst in people. In Antonio Corelli’s case it displays his merits as he has the opportunity to exercise his humanity in the treatment of others. From the beginning of the novel, Corelli is represented as a laid-back, light-hearted leader. Although he has a great talent as a leader, he is very modest and introduces Carlo as â€Å"one of our heroes, He has a hundred medals for saving life and none for taking it†(p.202). He proves himself as an excellent comrade and Captain by being faithful to his men until the very end. â€Å"There is no honour in this war, but I have to be with my boys†(p.392). His introduction of La Scala also shows good comradeship, as it is a humorous and practical solution to having to use communal toilets. This is also a crucial element of the novel, as before they go to join the shooting line up, they sing to maintain their composure. He also shows his forgiving nature when he chooses to forgive Gunter for what he has done. â€Å"I forgive you. If I do not, who will?†(p.397). He says of himself â€Å"I am not a natural parasite†(p.305) and this is seen clearly when he avoids any confrontation with Pelagia. He is uncomfortable about living with Pelagia and her father â€Å"Tonight I shall sleep in the yard and tomorrow I shall request alternative accommodation†(p.204). Corelli’s fondness for animals is De Bernieres way of showing positive traits in a character. The fact that Corelli is so attached to Psipsina shows that he is an admirable man and the reader feel connected to him. â€Å"The captain had some engaging traits. He tied a cork to a piece of string, and sprinted about the house with Psipsina in hot pursuit†¦and if the animal happened to be sitting on a piece of music, he would go away and fetch another sheet rather than disturb her†(p.250) Corelli also shows fondness for children in his relationship with Lemoni. Although there is a language barrier, the two are able to communicate on a different level, and are able to enjoy each other’s company. â€Å"The child was whooping and laughing, and it appeared that what was transpiring was a lesson in Italian. ‘Bella fanciulla,’ the captain was saying. He was waiting for Lemoni to repeat it. ‘Bla fanshla,’ she giggled.† (p. 211) He also appears to have a very different attitude than other soldiers, when he arrives in Cephallonia with his mandolin strapped to his back, and not a gun, as you would expect from a soldier. The mandolin â€Å"that was called Antonia because it was the other half of himself.† This love for music is another engaging trait that the captain has, and is one of the reasons Pelagia falls in love with him. We also see this originality to his character when Gunter Weber, a german soldier, introduces himself. Weber says â€Å"Heil Hitler†, yet Corelli says â€Å"Heil Puccini†, showing he has a very different attitude to the war, and will not be led by anyone. This again shows his love for classical music, as Puccini was a great composer, whom Corelli was an admirer of. His relationship with Pelagia is clearly one of great love and admiration, however it also contains sexual desires, which are never consummated. â€Å"Such slender fingers, such pink nails. He imagined them engaged upon amorous and nocturnal things, and realised that he was disturbing Psipsina.†(p.259, Corelli) This shows ongoing respect for Pelagia and her father, and also shows Corelli’s caring and considerate temperament. In contrast to Corelli, the character Mandras is brutalised by war. He believes that war will change him for the better, yet it changes him for the worse. He becomes a victim of propaganda and a victim of his insecurities. Before he leaves for war he tells Pelagia â€Å"I’m a Greek†¦not a Fascist†(p.214) War changes him for the worse as he is very easily led and allows others to influence him. This may have had a positive effect on Mandras if he had chosen Iannis to guide him, yet he chooses Hector, the leader of a branch of the ELAS. Joining this group causes him to abandon his personal values, and this is seen when he whips the old man. â€Å"Mandras did not even notice that the man had stopped moving, had stopped screaming and whining†(p.233). He manages to blank out the emotions that he should be feeling, and begins to enjoy the power he holds over this old man. â€Å"If you didn’t think about what it was, it sounded weirdly beautiful†(p.234) After returning from the war, he becomes much more manipulative, especially towards Pelagia and Drosoula. â€Å"Mandras had begun his exile into inaccessibility by dramatising the idea of death†(p.180). Pelagia was â€Å"convinced that he was doing it on purpose as an act of vengeance or punishment.†(p.180). This shows a very cruel side to Mandras that we have never seen before, and it clearly takes the war to bring out this negative side of his character. He has clearly been indoctrinated by the propaganda of the war, and this is seen in chapter 63, when he recites communist slogans. â€Å"The party is never wrong. Whoever is not with us is against us†(p.447) He does not seem to be questioning what he has been told, he just repeats it. He has experienced others abusing their power during his time with the ELAS and now sees this as an approved way of behaving. â€Å"De Bernià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½res explores power and its abuse†7 He insults and belittles Pelagia after he returns from fighting and tortures her further, even though he should see that she has suffered enough during the war. De Bernieres shows a side to Mandras that readers have never seen before. He represents him as evil and sadistic, and we see Mandras refer to Pelagia as a â€Å"slut†. His morals have disintegrated following his fighting with the ELAS, and feels that he can do whatever he wants. This is due to the fact that the ELAS would make up their own rules for their comrades to follow. The war de-humanises Mandras and he represents the damage that can be inflicted by extreme politics. In Mandras’ death, De Bernieres wants readers to feel pity for him, as it is clear the communist party has seriously indoctrinated him. He dies as a victim of the war, and a desire to prove himself worthy, and this also evokes compassion in the reader Carlo is a character in the novel who shows how war can bring out the best in people. He is a very honourable character, and has to live with the secret that he is homosexual. He puts aside his desire for Corelli in order to help the romance between Pelagia and Corelli develop. â€Å"I have loved you with the same surprise and gratitude that I see in your own eyes when you are with Pelagia†(p.384). He shows true bravery in front of the firing squad when stepping in front of Corelli to save his life. â€Å"Antonio Corelli†¦had found in front of him the titanic bulk of Carlo Guercio†(p.399). De Bernieres uses Carlo’s narrative in the chapters entitled L’Omosessuale, and this allows the readers to sympathise further with the silent suffering that Carlo has to endure during the war. His writings are eloquently written and his language is poetic and beautiful, showing the gentle side to his character. â€Å"He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing.†(P.148, Carlo) â€Å"Father Arsenios was saved by the war†(p.292). De Bernieres absolves Arsenios after the war and liberates him from his former self. However, the characters perceive him as a mad man and cannot see that war has brought about his finest hour. He is referred to as the â€Å"crazy priest† yet he feels he is a saviour and â€Å"it is probable that, had he lived, Arsenios might have become a saint†(p.295). De Bernieres chooses to depict war in a graphic and realistic light in his novel, Captain Corelli’s Mandolin. Although in many films or books war is shown to be wonderful, this idealised version is proved wrong in De Bernieres novel, as he shows the suffering that the soldiers were forced to endure. He shows that the war has different effects on different people, and it can expose their faults or their merits. Mandras is forever changed by the war, as he returns indoctrinated by the communist party. His death proves that his natural environment is the sea, where he can be accepted and does not have to prove himself. In contrast Corelli’s merits are shown to be more prominent as the war develops, and also as his love for Pelagia develops. The reader is drawn to the character of Corelli, even though he is an occupying soldier, as he shows compassion, kindness and respect during his time in Cephallonia.

Film Analysis of Gandhi Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analysis of Gandhi - Movie Review Example From the film, Gandhi has the vision of taking up Indian independence (Attenborough, 1982). He is seen to abandon all the worldly belongings for the struggle for Indian independence (Attenborough, 1982). Despite the numerous resistances, he is more determined to win the freedom of his people without shedding innocent blood. Gandhi, can in this instance be described as a visionary leader (Attenborough, 1982). Ability entails the leader being conversant with the job at hand, and have up to the minute skills of formulating plans that allow for completion of the task at hand (Curtis &Manning, 2003). In the event that the leader is not able to deal with the employees and the organization at large, then disrespect from the employees is bound to occur, as the followers are always in anticipation of tough decisions from the leaders (Curtis &Manning, 2003). Even in times when Gandhi was jailed and faced a lot of opposition from the South Africans, he did not forget to confirm to his followers, that the Indian population is a frustrated and an oppressed lot, and that they have to strive for their rights. It is this leader with ability that led the Salt March in 1930 (Attenborough, 1982). Curtis &Manning (2003) say that enthusiasm in leaders is vital for attracting the followers to the challenges of the organization, and accepts the same challenges. This enthusiasm triggers goal-directed actions, and ultimately the entire organization is directed towards one goal of attaining results (Curtis &Manning, 2003). Gandhi is no doubt an enthusiastic leader who first faces oppression; jail terms, but later comes up with ashrams, villages where people share resources communally, without fear of intimidation (Attenborough, 1982). Twenty two years into the fight for independence, Gandhi had managed to get a backing for his role in the

Etiology and management of lower leg pain Essay

Etiology and management of lower leg pain - Essay Example Pain has got various types. One individual may respond differently to different types of pain and at the same time different individuals may respond differently to the same type of pain. Lower leg is a portion of the body which not only supports whole of the body but also helps in moving the body from one place to another. Weight bearing process may cause some damage to the lower leg structures but when some one is running then this damage may be multiplied. The damage could be related to soft tissue injury, like: muscle, tendons or to the bony tissue ranging from just a stroke to the compound fracture. Various types of trauma and the eventual result of this injury vary depending upon the force and angle of the force applied. As all these traumatic episodes pass through an inflammatory process so the affected individual feels pain accordingly. Although the iliotibial band extends from the ileum to the condyles of the tibia but after the damage caused due to any factor it results in lower leg pain. This is the most common cause of lateral knee pain among the athletes. The affected structure is the bursa surrounding the iliotibial band. The injury usually occurs in those individuals who perform tasks which involve repetitive flexion and extension activities, for example: athletes of soccer, aerobics etc. The presentation of the case is with severe pain in the knee and lower leg. Management: Local steroid injection Achilles tendon The causes of Achilles tendinopathy are still unclear and the explanation is given on the basis of some theories which link the pathology to a variety of mechanism or factors, like: overuse stresses, poor vascularity, lack of flexibility genetic characteristics, hormonal or metabolic factors and female sex. This topic is one of the areas of lower leg pain which have been studied extensively. Excessive loading of the tendon is no doubt an important factor involved in the injury; even damage can occur to the tendon if the stress to the tendon is within physiological limits. Management Conservative Avoidance of training program which end up in this injury Gentle static strengthening Correction nwith orthotics Cryotherapy Therapeutic ultrasound Pharmacologic support Low dose heparin, wydase etc Surgical treatment of the tendinopathy Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) This is one of the commonest causes of lower leg pain which manifests itself in the anterior compartment of the leg due to over usage. Tibial stress fracture In the lower leg, either of the two bones, tibia and fibula, can have stress fracture. Usually, the fracture appears on the lower end of the two bones on medial side. Predisposing factors are: Continuous muscle contraction

Money management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money management - Essay Example I have therefore decided to consider one of two options – a life insurance investment and a personally managed fund. Life insurance option If I invest the $500,000 with a life insurance company then I may be able to earn a stable income each year with adjustments for inflation. Based on discussions with my insurance company, Table 1 in Appendix 1 reflects the amount that I would receive if I invest in an insurance policy that makes adjustments for inflation and pays my estate the balance of my policy at death. The table shows an initial investment of $500,000 and indicates that over a 20 year period and assuming a 3.5% rate of interest and an inflation rate of 3%, I would be able to have an inflation adjusted income of $15,000 in year 1 continuing to $26,302 payment in year 20. This policy continues as long as I am alive. The balance on the account at year 20 suggests that there will be sufficient funds for me to earn an income many years after year 20 if I am still alive. The principal amount only starts declining in year 12 suggesting that I will be paid out of interest earned on the investment up year 11, after which payments will start affecting my principal. My total receipt up to year 20 would be $403,045.62 with a balance on the account of $443,861.55. This indicates a net gain of $346,907.17 (($403,045.62 + $443,861.55) – $500,000). Table 3 in Appendix 1 shows the relevant returns. Personally Managed Funds In the event that I choose to manage the funds personally then I would be able to make earnings at rates between 3 to 7 per cent. This fund would consist of a mixture of government bonds (at least 60%) and stocks. I would use the income generated from the fund in the first year – year 1 as a basis to determine my future income if I am to maintain the same standard of living. I therefore allow for an inflation rate of 3% as with the life insurance option. Table 2 in Appendix 1 provides information on this fund. An average rate of r eturn of 5% annually is assumed. The information indicates that after the first payment of $17,500 subsequent payments will require selling investments and therefore reducing the principal initially invested if I am to maintain the same standard of living year after year. Comparison of both options In comparing both options the life insurance fund has a lot to recommend it. It is secure, simple, provides good returns, safe, and has no sales or administrative charges (immediateannuities.com). i. The life insurance offer provides a stable income for the rest of the pensioner’s life and in some cases beneficiaries can receive the balance after death. The income streams from the personally managed fund are not likely to be as stable, even though this is assumed in Table 2. ii. The pensioner can relax and does not have to watch the market and report on interest and dividends as in the case of the personally managed funds. iii. Returns on life insurance funds are normally higher th an those on government bonds. The reason is that a portion of the principal is normally paid with the interest earned. However, the personally managed fund is a mixture of bonds and stocks. iv. The principal is normally safe in the case of the life insurance

Gender equality in islamic Iran Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11500 words

Gender equality in islamic Iran - Coursework Example The methodology adopted is based on history of Islamic laws and policies on gender to compare the status of men and women in the society. This is further elaborated by a classical view, with particular emphasis on the status of women in the Islamic society of Iran and their present day situation outlining the developments that happened through various forms of reformist movements post the Islamic Republic of Iran movement of 1979. Discussion based on our findings from the methodology and approach revolves around the present status of Iranian Women under Islam with a comparison of modern and traditional women. Supporting the voice of modern women, the Convention of human rights laid post Revolution has been discussed. The paper concludes with a summary of the entire research and findings, extending to mention the current happenings in the name of reformist movements in Iran. Limitations of the study have been briefed along with a proposal for another method of studying the presence of gender differences in Iran. Gender, being a social and human concept, ideally does not enter the territory of God. Traditional views of gender roles and relations have persisted in tandem with changes in the status of women both within and outside the family. The realities of women's lives remain unclear and hidden to men and women, and this invisibility persists at all levels from family to the nation. Although men and women seem to coexist on earth, yet, they live in different worlds. They both enjoy different sets of rights, freedom, duties, culture, and even socio-economic status, and these differences cannot be traced to any particular period in history. Though, in front of God, men and women are equal as stated in Qu'ran, and status of women and men also defined with respect to their roles. Shari'a, the Muslim law, defines many differences between the two genders' roles, rights, and obligations. Most of the Islamic women do not enjoy uniform rights with regards to marriage, divorce, civil rights, legal s tatus, dress code, education, though the rules are said to be based on the Islamic holy teachings of Qu'ran. Majority of the social benefits given to women are based on teachings from Qu'ran. Nevertheless, scholars and other

The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union, Al-Mujahedeen, and Research Paper

The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union, Al-Mujahedeen, and Afghanistan War in the Period of Cold War - Research Paper Example of the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan had a severe effect on the diplomatic relationship between the Soviets, and the United States, changing the complexion and nature of rivalry that existed between the two countries†. Furthermore, Mayer (2008) maintains that the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Army created a regional and a global security concern mainly because the neighboring of Iran, Pakistan and other nations of the world, were waiting anxiously for purposes of witnessing the response of United States. Mayer (2008 p. 61) asserts â€Å"that the response of the United States was a covert action by the CIA to arm and train the Mujahedeen fighters in Afghanistan for purposes of fighting the Soviet Union†. This operation began in the 1980s, and ended in 1989 with the withdrawal of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. This paper analyzes the ethical issues surrounding the assistance that the United States gave to the Mujahedeen fighters during this period, only to label them later as terrorists when the Mujahedeen were no longer taking care of the interests of United States. In meeting the objectives of this paper, this paper will talk about the Mujahedeen fighters, and the role that United States played in helping them to defeats the Soviet Union. This paper also analyzes the role of the Soviet Union in this crisis, and the reasons of its invasion of Afghanistan. Specifically, this paper will talk about the kind of support that the US gave to the Mujahedeen fighters, and the kind of support that Soviet Union gave to the Afghanistan government, and the impact of these supports today. This paper further identifies the methods in which the international community can use for purposes of disarming the Mujahedeen fighters, and the role of the society in this process. Furthermore, the researcher will talk about Al-Qaeda and their relationship with the Taliban, and how they evolved into becoming the enemies of United States. This paper focuses on the reasons

Why is the employment relations system in the USA characterised by low Essay

Why is the employment relations system in the USA characterised by low levels of collective bargaining - Essay Example Every country have specific norms and labour policies based on which the framework of the employee relation system is designed. In USA there are three basic laws with regard to the employee relationship. They are: a) National Labour Relation Act, which is also known as the Wagner Act, b) Labour Management Relation Act, also called the Taft-Hartley Act, and c) Disclosure Act, which is called the Landrum Griffin Act. The Federal authorities throughout USA make sure that these three laws are implemented in organizations. The agency responsible for its enforcement is the National Labour Relation Board (NLRB). It is into labour management and relation assessment. The Department of Labour (DOL) is responsible for the enforcement of the other important aspects in labour relationship management laws. The major requirement for doing such activity is to ensure the democracy of the internal union and the financial accountability. Both of these regulatory bodies are responsible for ascertaining that the laws are strictly followed and organizations are working under the assistance of these stated frameworks. The private sector workforce or employees have laws set for them under the federal labour laws of the two regulatory bodies such as DOL and NLRB. It has been stated in the Commerce Clause that these regulatory bodies even have regulatory authority to control the labour or employee relations in the privately owned companies (Cahuc and Zylberberg, 2004, pp. 371–373). Traditionally, the unions were formed by skilled craftsmen to safeguard their interest in the organization. With the advent of scientific management in the organizations and industries, the rationale for collectively acting to bargain for the disbursement and working conditions among the workers increased. However, the capitalists in those times were extremely powerful and they opposed the union movement. The anti-union employment laws were even floated by them so as to dishevel the union movement of t he craftsmen. However, during the Great Depression of 1930s, the factory workers united and started forming unions. It was during this time when these unions were successful in performing many activities such as the Wagner Act of 1935, which gave the employees or workers the right to plan and organize strikes. In 1940–1950, the unions began to grow though the federal legislation controlled and monitored them from time to time. In 1960 and 1970, the unionization in the public sector increased considerably (Harcourt and Wood, 2006, pp. 141–145). The regulatory bodies in US affect the industrial and employee relation system in many ways such as: They provide the terms and conditions of the employment in details and directly. They regulate the way in which the organized labour or employees and the management are related to one another. The regulatory bodies had ascertained the minimum wage rate and the maximum working hours for the workers. The overtime rates were also asc ertained by the federal and state bodies. The concept of â€Å"employment at will† operates in US. This means that the employer would have to show no specific reason for dismissing any employee. In this scenario, the National Labour Relation Act was introduced, which provided a specific structure of policies for employee rights in relation to the collective actions. A few of the regulations also required union certification through secret ballot (OECD, 1997, pp. 86–87). In 2007, the union density in US was about 36 percent. Among this about 7.5 percent was in the private sector and the rest in the public sector. It is said that the US unions have a unique approach because they provide benefits mainly to the existing

Qatar sporting legacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qatar sporting legacy - Essay Example In line with the economic potential of hosting local and international sports events, the present study aims to determine the social, political and economic factors that have acted as the foundation upon which Qatars sporting legacy is being built. A qualitative approach has been utilized, wherein data collection was processed using interview responses as primary sources, whereas journals, have been used as secondary sources. The study focused on answering the questions, (1) can Qatar be a viable venue for holding sports events (2) does Qatar have the necessary sporting infrastructure, economic and political stability to sustain its sporting legacy on a long term basis, (3) can other Asian countries sustain a sporting legacy, similar to what Qatar has done. The researcher was able to determine that Qatar has the resources and the capacity to become a prime venue for holding both international and local sports events, as well as sustain its sports legacy on a long-term basis. This is due to the country’s stable economic and political state, as supported by the nations passion towards sports. It has also been found that other Asian economies would only be able to emulate Qatars sporting legacy, given that the factors necessitated in creating one would only be present in one form. Sports stand to command a pivotal place in Qatar’s social and national life. One primary reason behind this phenomenon is the fact that people in the Middle East do have a special predilection for outdoor activities. The sports legacy of Qatar is a unique mix of the new developments as well as age-old traditions. This is why, in the last two decades, the government of Qatar has embarked on a unique policy to promote the local and international sports in Qatar (QSC, 2010). The primary thrust of this policy is to introduce and support new sports like golf, soccer and tennis, while at the same time encouraging traditional sports like camel racing and horse racing. There is no

Show how Hardy responds to the death of his wife Essay Example for Free

Show how Hardy responds to the death of his wife Essay In the years after the death of his wife, Emma, in 1912, the main subject of Hardys poems was his wife and how he missed her and grieved her death. In his poems during this period he uses a lot of euphemism, so that he never actually tells the reader his wife has died. However, the strong sense of sadness and regret he feels comes through in every poem. The first poem Hardy wrote after the death of Emma was The Going in December 1912. This poem has a highly regular rhythm and rhyme, with the important words often rhyming at the end of the lines to draw attention to them. The title of the poem is a euphemism for death, and he continues with these throughout the poem, using phrases such as vanishing, close your term here and where I could not follow. This poem is written as if Hardy is addressing Emma. In the first stanza, Hardy addresses and questions his dead wife, and gives a sense of what seems like anger and irritation towards her, that she gave him no hint that she was going to die. He suggest she was indifferent and didnt care about leaving him, and this shows how he is grieving and maybe not thinking straight. He emphases her swift, quick death as she left with wing of swallow but this imagery also suggests her beauty in his eyes and how much he will miss her. Now he regrets he cannot follow her and he knows he will not gain one glimpse of her ever anon. The start of the second stanza reiterates how he did not know that Emma was going to die and again he shows his regret that he could never bid good-bye. His use of soft sounds indicates his wish that he could give the softest call to say goodbye to her properly, and this is reinforced by his use of alliteration in the soft, wishful sounds of utter a wish for a word, while. These soft sounds are then quickly replaced by the harsh reality of the situation, as Hardy sees morning harden upon the wall. The rest of the stanza is concentrated on how much her death has affected him and more precisely how he did not know that it would affect him so much. The assonance in the gloomy sounds of unmoved, unknowing reflects his mood at this point, and again the rhyme draws attention to the important words in the poem unknowing..great going that he did not know how much her death would grieve him. The third stanza, like the first, starts with a question aimed towards Emma. He asks her why she makes him leave the house and why he sees visions of her. Again, there is a sense of irritation as if it is her fault for causing him this suffering. Hardy says that he imagines seeing her again and maybe that he is seeing hallucinations of her as he tells Emma., I think for a breath it is you I see. He tells us that then he realises it is not her, and becomes bitter and upset once again. The rhyming of darkening darkness.yawning blankness emphasises to the reader the huge emptiness he feels now that his wife is dead, and how her memory is already gradually fading away from him, in the same way as the visions he experiences do as he gets closer. The exclamation mark at the end of the stanza makes it seem as if he is shouting in frustration, at how much the experience sickens me!. In the fourth stanza, Hardy changes into the past tense, and the poem becomes more cheerful as he remembers the time the two of them spent together. There is a large amount of imagery used in this stanza, which Hardy uses to show the beauty of his wife, and the strength of their relationship. The red-veined rocks symbolise the passion and love he felt for Emma. He says she was the swan-necked one, a statement of her beauty and he describes her riding along the beetling Beeny Crest with him, maybe a sign they were happy and free to do what they wanted to, and how this contrasts to his feelings now. In the last line of this stanza, Hardy changes his language from me and you to us, which shows how their relationship grew stronger and they grew to love each other and be together more in the good times when life unrolled us its very best. Again, the fifth stanza starts with a question, but this time the impression is given that Hardy is talking to himself, and not addressing Emma. This stanza tells us how later on in their relationship Hardy and Emma did not speak. Hardy shows a huge amount of regret and sadness in this stanza, that he did not talk to her properly and that their relationship got weaker before she died. He then moves back to happier memories of the distant past, and describes them together in bright spring weather: a pathetic fallacy whereby the weather shows the mood at that time. In the final stanza of this poem Hardy appears to give up all hope and becomes resigned to the situation. He adopts a very conversational tone and uses caesura to show that he is talking, using colloquialisms such as well, well!. In the last lines of the poem Hardy feels as if he will sink down soon into despair. These lines are directed at Emma, as he again tells her, but this time in stronger terms, that he did not know how her swift fleeingwould undo me so. He uses pause between the caesuras to increase the impact of each short statement. In The Haunter, Hardy writes the poem as if it was his dead wife talking to him. He imagines Emma can see him and feel his emotions as a means of consoling himself. However, the main emotions which come out of this poem are Hardys guilt and regret and, although he adopts his wifes voice, it is his emotions which come through strongly in the poem. He appears to be haunted by memories, which may be the reason for the title of the poem. Alternatively, it could be that he sees his wife as a ghost haunting him. Each stanza has the same words rhyming at the end of every second line; know.go.do.thereto. These are important as they show Hardys mains hopes about his wife; that she knows everything hes doing and thinking, but the go shows he knows she has gone for ever and there is nothing he can do to go there and be with her. The poem opens with irony as Emma says he does not think I haunt here nightly, when he is writing the poem. This shows Hardy hopes she is there with him, but that he just cant see her; but in reality he probably knows she is not really there and it is just wishful thinking. This line also starts the theme which continues throughout the stanza: that Emma is always there with him. The repetition of hover and hover reinforces this point. Hardy is creating ideas which he hopes his wife would have about him, as a way of comforting himself. Hardys feelings of guilt and regret come through strongly in the second stanza. He did not do many of the things he should when he had the chance and this is shown by the repetition of when I could in the first two lines of this stanza. Emma says how she would like to join his journeys, which shows Hardy feels guilty that he didnt let her go with him when he went away, and now blames himself that they didnt spend enough time together. The voice of his wife tells us that he misses me more than he used to do which means he didnt realise how much he needed her when she was alive but now he knows that he did and he misses her even more. Emma is described as a faithful phantom, which suggests that she was loyal to him, and maybe that he was not as faithful to her. The alliteration is soft to suggest the kindness and beauty of Emma. In stanza three, there is a large amount of imagery, as Emma tells us how she likes to accompany him to places. There is a strong sense of night time in the opening of this stanza, as dreamers, shy hares and night rooks are mentioned. Emma tells us she follows Hardy into old aisles, which show Hardy is still thinking about the past, which is all to him, because he is reminiscing the happy times when Emma was alive and with him, and he now thinks he will not get that happiness back. However, although she is his shade suggesting she is like his shadow and always with him she is always lacking the power to call to him. We get the sense that, although Hardy is trying to believe his wife is near him, he is upset and frustrated that he can and will never talk to her. In the final stanza of this poem, Hardy is trying to cheer himself up, as this is what he thinks his wife would want. The reader is told that if Hardy but sigh, Emma goes straight to his side. This shows that when Hardy is upset, he thinks of Emma to try to console himself. Hardy tries to make himself feel better by thinking that Emma would want him to be in gloom no longer. This show he wants to be happier but he cannot so now he has to think Emma wants him to be happier as well. The Voice, also written in December 1912, is a much more eerie and less rhythmical poem than the first two. However, although there is less rhythm and structure to the poem, it still has a strong and continual rhyme. The title of the poem indicates that now Hardy can now hear Emmas voice and the poem is written in the first person, as Hardy reveals his feelings and memories. As The Voice opens, Hardy shows us his grief and sadness as he describes his wife as woman much missed. The sounds alliterate to draw attention to their importance right at the start of the poem, as this will be a continual theme throughout. The words call to me, call to me are repeated at the end of the first line and this give the impression that although she is calling to him, like an echo to show how her voice is fading away from Hardy, along with his memories of her. This repetition also gives the impression that Emma is insistent to reach Hardy and will not give up. Hardy informs us that Emma tells him she is not the same as she was when she changed from the one that was all to Hardy. Hardy believes Emma is saying to him that she is not now as she was when Hardy changed and maybe stopped loving her, but she is the same as she was when they were in love. This shows that this is how Hardy remembers Emma, when their day was fair and their life was better than when they started to split apart. In the last line, Hardy changes from using you and me to our to show that now he is thinking of them together and happy. Hardy then looks back to the past and his memories of his wife, and imagines a perfect image of her in his head. He sees the memory very clearly and includes a lot of detail to show this. He can remember her even to the original air-blue gown, which is a pleasant and cheerful colour, showing the mood in the memory. It is one specific memory he is thinking about and, as he sees it more clearly, Hardy becomes exited and shows this through the caesura of yes and the exclamation mark at the end of the line, as if he is becoming louder and more energised. The transition between stanzas is a change between Hardys happiness in the past and his grief now. The sounds change from joyous to heavy, as does the mood of the poem. The whole stanza is a question, asking if it is really Emma talking or just the wind that Hardy can hear, although the reader will know that Hardy knows the answer to his own question. The listlessness of the breeze is a pathetic fallacy of Hardys mood, and the words such as listlessness and wet mead are onomatopoeic as they are heavy and sound tired, as if now he knows that his wife is fading away from him. Hardy tells Emma she is being dissolved and dying away from him. This suggests he has realised her voice is not real and just in his mind and she will be heard no more again. The lines in the last stanza of the poem are shorter than those in other stanzas. This gives the impression that the poem is fading away on the page, as Emma is ebbing away from Hardys memories. This stanza shows Hardy is now resigned to the fact that he is never going to hear her voice again and does not really make sense, maybe showing Hardys tiredness. The pathetic fallacy of leaves around me falling gives an impression of things dying and coming to an end and the unpleasant assonance used in the wind oozing thin through the thorn gives and unpleasant feel to the end of the poem. This stanza shows that Hardy feels he cannot move on because of his memories and the woman calling. This last line completes the eerie sense given in the poem and relates back to the start of the poem, giving the sense that what has happened in this poem keeps on happening to Hardy, and there is nothing he can do to stop it. Beeny Cliff has a strong rhythm and strong rhyme, using the same sounds at the end of each line of each stanza. Beeny Cliff was a special place for Hardy and Emma that they visited together. O at the start of the poem indicates Hardys happiness and excitement as he reminisces about him and Emma. The first line is full of description and imagery, and the opal and the sapphire suggest preciousness and beauty a description of the sea in the poem, but a description of his wife in Hardys mind. Hardys description of Emma is almost angelic as she is described as the woman riding high above with bright hair flapping free. The alliteration is an onomatopoeia of the wind and the high wind suggests high spirits between Hardy and Emma. Hardy also states that he loved Emma and she loyally loved him, suggesting that, although they both loved each other, she was more faithful than he was. Hardy knows this and is therefore now regretting that he did not make the most of his time with her when she was alive. In the next stanza Hardy concentrates on how when they were together, nothing or no one could touch them. Hardy tells us that birds were plained below them and seemed far away, to show they were only concentrating on each other and nothing else could distract them. The waves are shown to be what could be a big distraction by the onomatopoeic sibilance of engrossed in saying their ceaseless babbling say, but Hardy and Emma were engrossed in each other thereby showing how close they were at this point in time. They laughed light-heartedly aloft which reinforces their high spirits and again suggests their height above everything else happening. Pathetic fallacy is also used to show the mood on that clear-sunned March day. This pathetic fallacy continues throughout the third stanza, as Hardy uses it to show that the mood is changing. A little cloud cloaked them and there was an irised rain, which shows that this trip to Beeny Cliff is like their relationship. These small changes in weather show there are some bad times in the relationship between them, but it is never enough to force them apart and these blips are just a dull disfeatured stain, the same as the cloud is on the landscape. However, although the sun burst out again, the cloud was an indication to them that foreshadowed worse things to come, as now purples prinked the main. The at the start of the fourth stanza indicates to the reader that Hardy is going from the past into the present. Hardy tells us that old Beeny is still in all its chasmal beauty. The use of old shows familiarity and Hardy is showing that he is in a familiar place to contrast his unfamiliar emotions. In addition, this line shows that, although a lot has happened to him, the things and landscape around him are still the same as they used to be; huge and gaping but still beautiful. Hardy asks himself with a sense of wistfulness if she and I [Hardy] could not go there again and repeat the sweet things said in that March. He does not use we, which shows he feels they will never be together again and, although he asks the question, he knows he cannot see her again. The caesura of Nay. at the start of the concluding stanza shows Hardy coming back to reality, and answering his own question. He repeats that Beeny has the same chasmal beauty but this time it is a wild weird western shore. This tells us that things around him have stayed the same, but Hardy sees them differently now in a worse light, as this is the effect his wifes death has had on him. Hardy says the woman is nowelsewhere; the pauses are showing he doesnt want to say Emma is dead, and he is thinking of a euphemism. She nor knows nor cares for Beeny and has moved on, but Hardy has not and is still stuck in the past. The end of the poem is very final, as if Hardy has eventually made up his mind; that she will see it nevermore. In At Castle Boterel, written in March 1913, Hardy again remembers him and his wife together in happier times. Again, a strong sense of rhyme and rhythm appears throughout the poem. Most of the poem is a euphemism for Hardys thoughts, memories, feelings and emotions as he is writing. The poem opens in the present as Hardy gives a description of himself driving through the drizzle in a wagonette to the junction. This suggests he will have to make a decision as to which path he should take, as he does in life to decide whether to move on from thinking about Emma. He looks behind at the fading byway; a euphemism for him looking back into the past. His memories show him with a girlish form Emma in a chaise in dry March weather. Although he is looking into the past, he writes in the present tense, to show how involved he is in his own memory and how he wants it to be real and actually happening. The contrast between the wagonette, a heavy, large vehicle, in which he is driving in the present and the chaise, a small, light vehicle, which he was driving in in the past, is a reference to the happiness he felt then, and the gloom that hangs over him now that Emma is dead. The contrasting pathetic fallacies drizzle and dry March weather further reinforce this point. Hardy describes himself and Emma as we throughout the stanza, which indicates their togetherness. Hardy goes on to tell us that it matters not much what he and Emma talked about on that journey, and he also states it doesnt matter to what it led. This is strange as it surely led to Hardy and Emma falling in love and getting married and he is now saying that this didnt matter. He continues the point by saying what it led to is something life cannot be balked of, so love is an inevitable part of life. He tells us that it cannot be stopped until something happens so that hope is dead, and feeling fled. This is maybe a sign that Hardy is starting to recover from the death of his wife, and has maybe realised he could have done nothing to stop it. Hardy reveals how much he treasured the moments he had with his wife, by telling us that there was never a time of such quality, since or before, in that hills story. He asks this as a question as if he is challenging anyone to disagree with his view, as he is right. The fact that Hardy thinks that this moment is the most important ever to happen on the hill, though it has been climbedby thousands more tells the reader that he is now extremely focused on himself and his wife, and cannot think of anything or anyone else but her, showing that the impression he gave in the previous stanza was false. In the next stanza, Hardy states that their passing has been recorded in the colour and cast of the primeval rocks and will now be for always. He feels that although their passing, and therefore their relationship, is only transitory in Earths long order, so only happened for a short time, they have helped to change things happening on the Earth. He thinks these changes will be left behind after he is gone she has gone already. This is a happy moment for Hardy as he thinks about the impact Emma and he had and this is shown through his pause in the middle of the last line, as he reflects on what he is saying. In the penultimate stanza, Hardy comes back into the present and reflects that Times unflinching rigour has taken his wife, and it cannot be stopped, so there is no way of going back once an event has passed. All that is left for him to see is one phantom figure, there is nothing real remaining, only his memories. He feels as if he has left Emma behind and is being forced further and further away from her; she is disappearing into the distance. Hardy reverts to the use of I in the final stanza. He looks back and sees the figure shrinking, shrinking. This repetition is like an echo fading away; to show that, although he is still having the memories, they are fading away and he will never get them back. He finishes with a great sense of finality; that he is now seeing her for the very last time. He says his sand is sinking, this reference to an hourglass meaning his time is nearly up, and he believes that he will soon die as well. The ending is very powerful and final, as Hardy states that he shall traverse old loves domain Never again. His use of old suggests a familiarity; that he has revisited his memories too often, and now wants to move on. The caesura gives the statement a sense of finality so that it stands out as the main fact to come from this poem, that he now has accepted he cannot go back to Emma, and will not let his memories and grief overcome him. The Phantom Horsewoman is written in the voice of a person observing the behaviour of Hardy, in the first person. There is a very regular and repetitive rhyming pattern throughout every stanza, which suggests that Hardys life has become repetitive, as all he does is think about his wife. Now Hardy himself knows he needs to move on but he shows this through an observer. The whole of the first stanza is a euphemism for Hardys thoughts and feelings and how he, Hardy, describes himself as queer which shows he knows the behaviour he is experiencing is not normal to him. He is described as a man I know to show that it is not Hardy talking, but someone describing his ways. Hardy is portrayed as being in a careworn craze, which tells us that the emotions he is feeling have worn him down and are maybe even driving him mad. The next few lines suggest Hardy is looking back but what he sees is unclear. This is shown as he looks at the sands, suggesting time as this is a reference to an hourglass, but there is a seaward haze so his memories are indistinct and vague. The use of moveless hands in reference to a clock show time stands still when he looks into the past. When he turns to go Hardy pauses showing his regret to leave and regret to move back into the present. The use of rhyme in this stanza draws attention to the connected and important ideas: stands, sands and hands show the idea of time in reference to an hourglass and a clock and the impression that it stands still when Hardy looks back to the past; craze, haze and gaze are also connected, as they show how Hardy is looking back but is unsure what to make of what he remembers. The stanza ends with the question of what he sees when he gazes so? The second stanza answers the question posed at the end of the first. There is a strong and clear contrast between the haze and indistinctness in the present as shown in stanza I and the clarity and deep description used in stanza II, looking back into Hardys memories of the past. This point is reinforced as we are told what he sees is more clear than today. The description used has a happy and joyous tone because his memories are warm, real and keen. Hardy sets a pleasant scene using a rhythmical tone, as if suggesting the rhythm of the sea. This shows that Hardys memories of the past are happier and he would much rather be living in the past than in his life now. The sibilance of the sweet soft scene implies the softness of his past life and points to the sound and rhythm of the sea, as does the description of that briny green. The end of the stanza tells us that he sees in his memories a phantom of his own figuring; he is remembering the past but he knows it is not real now, no matter how much he wants it to be. Hardy then tells us that of this vision they might say more because there is more to him than a man looking at the sea. He sees his wife not only there but he sees her everywhere and all the time as shown by day, night. His memories are vivid and bright as if they were drawn rose-bright on the air and they are all consuming to him as if he is almost haunted by them. At the end of the stanza, Hardy pauses, as if to think, before reiterating the same point again that he has to carry this vision, to make this point clear to the reader. At the start of the final stanza, Hardy describes what this vision is. He tells us he sees a girl-ghost-rider, using a compound word to describe exactly what he sees in his visions. The sounds in the alliteration are happy and soft when Hardy describes Emma, and contrast the harsh sounds Hardy uses to describe himself; toil-tried. Hardy also tells us that although he withers daily, and is always getting older, time touches her not and she is always the same in his thoughts and memories of her. She still rides gaily in his rapt thought, which shows that his memories of her are when she was happy and free, and that he cannot think of anything else but her. The harsh sounds in the alliteration of shagged and shaly drag him back to reality and back to the sea, which is the idea the whole poem revolves around. The last line of the poem shows that Hardys lasting memory of Emma will be a happy one; Emma is singing to the swing of the tide, and that the sea will always be in his memories of her, as it was a special place for them. In conclusion, we can see clearly how Hardy attitude and response to the death of Emma changed over time through his poems. At first he is grieving and mourning her, and wishes he could bring her back; he thinks it is his fault that she has died and regrets that their relationship was not as happy as it had been and he wishes he had had a chance to say goodbye to her. However, he stops being so overcome by guilt and regret and focuses more on his memories of himself and Emma in happier times such as on Beeny Cliff. The main devices Hardy repeatedly uses are writing the poems sometimes not using himself as the first person and euphemism in place of saying what has actually happened, especially when referring to Emmas death.

Conclusion and Recommendation for Dhaka Bank Study

Conclusion and Recommendation for Dhaka Bank Study The objective of this study was to explore and analyse the social banking by Dhaka Bank through its banking marketing mix and the CSR policies. The findings of an investigation of these organisational processes in a Bangladeshi Banking system and the contribution to its customers as well as the society prove the banks the bank position in a positive manner. The banks customer service policies started operating with the aim of achieving the customer satisfaction by offering the razor sharp service through accuracy, trustworthiness, on time delivery, innovative technology, and tailored solution for business needs. Beside this bank tries to reach in Global trade and commerce and high yield on customers investments-the sum of which is, in their words, Excellence in Banking. This is the mandatory aim for a service oriented organization by which they can contribute their social bonding. The first contribution of the study is stated that the marketing mix of the bank and the customer satisfaction on the service marketing linked to the adoption of organisational culture and commitment to the customer in a single organisation. Although researchers have called for scholars to adopt a wider range of perspectives in analysing the culture of organisations (Martin 1992, 2002; Harris and Ogbonna 1998), some other researchers have given emphasize on the social value of the organizations. The sense of this approach to organisational analysis is plagiaristic through the deliberation that companys members are entrenched in practices which are constituted in social norms and which are characterised by numerous, sometimes incompatible meanings (Casey 1999; Alvesson 2002). This attitude helps the banks reputation to the wide range of the customer. Environmental value à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »awareness building on global warming à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Resource recycling à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Preservation of water resources à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Preservation of natural environment Employees value à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Equal opportunity, non-discrimination à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »TD, continuity of employment à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Compatibility of work family life à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Support for employment of women à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Work safety hygiene Market value à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Fair trade competition à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Consumer rights à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Supply chain management à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Growing profitability à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Growing shareholder value Social value à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Dialogue partnership with community à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Ensure safety of community à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Contribution investment in community à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Relation with politics public administration à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Cooperation collaboration w/ intl bodies Management integrity à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Commitment of top management à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Corporate governance (3rd party perspective) à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Ethical legal compliance à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Disclosure accountability à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »Risk management Management integrity and the corporate values of the Dhaka Bank Beside the mainstream business services, they also have the responsible corporate citizenship among the private sector organizations of Bangladesh. So far the bank has a standing on a quite sound financial base, and is operated by a team of seasoned bankers. It has been reviled from the study that the bank has attractive liability products for all divisions of the society, and tries to fulfill the financing needs of large corporations to SMEs to the personal in need of consumer finance. The banks growth trend tells us that it would become a major player in the banking arena of Bangladesh if the quality of service is duly maintained (Dhaka Bank 2009). Most of the big companies commitment and job satisfaction of their employees depends on the perceptions of managers use of power and procedural justice and that can play an important role among the companys internal satisfaction. This is another tool of varying the CSR of a company. In Dhaka Bank the researcher has found the manager are dealing their internal matter by discussing with the higher authority and Marketing Mix Dhaka Bank Ltd Customer satisfaction Product Wide verities of deposit and loan Products Satisfied Price The interest rate and service charge for loan product is comparatively higher than the state owned commercial banks. On the other hand the interest given for the deposit scheme is comparatively higher. Moderate Place This bank has comparatively more branches in urban area. 40% of their branches in Dhaka city. The ATM booths are also in the central area. Satisfied (They have only urban customer) Promotion This bank uses following promotional activities on a large scale, like; personal selling, public relation, Advertisement, publicity and sales promotions. Satisfied Physical Evidence This bank has lucrative branches with central air conditioner. Their branches have good sitting arrangement and nice outlook. Satisfied Process This bank has shortcut and easy process in opening account, sanctioning loan and remittance transfer Satisfied People This bank has comparatively smart employee with cordial approach to customers Satisfied Though managers legitimate and reward power bases were unrelated to employees organizational commitment and job satisfaction, in contrast, managers referent and expert powers were strongly related to employees organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This implies that, managers may most effectively build employees loyalty and support through development of power bases. Similar results were also found in case of the DBL. These findings suggested that employees felt comfortable and enthusiastic working under managers with high expertise. It could also be related to cultural issues. In Bangladeshi culture, higher level authority is expected to be more aged, educated, and experienced. The higher rank employees are expected to provide guidance for the lower rank employees. Following this guidance the lower rank employees will grow within the organization. When the managers are not able to provide guidance, employees feel low in confidence and usually perform the jobs in their own i ndividual way. Perceived Quality Customer loyalty Perceived Value Over all Customer satisfaction Customer Expectations Customer complaints + + + + + + + American customer satisfaction model (Fornell et.al. 1996). The research also revealed that employees need to see effective use of power and procedural justice. This will create a sense of belonging to the organization for the employees and should enhance organizational outcomes. The reward system would help to motivate managers to serve the organization better. In the competitive business world, a firm needs to respond to its customers and employees faster than its competitors By the time we are discussing about the DBL, we have found some important lackings those they might not be aware of. But these obstacles are very serious and might be huge in future. These are: Lake of flexibilities to cope with the recent and dynamic changes in the banking environment. There are not enough branches of DBL across the country. Thats why they are failing to capture a huge market In spite of being one of the best commercial bank of this country, DBL is not having a proper market research team and product development team. 13.0 Recommendations Any organization has to operate within its environment, and its success or failure is decided through the interplay of strategy, competition, stakeholders priorities and macro economic environment. They also have to stay within their limitations to solve their problems. Here some recommendations are given below: To cope with the changes in the macro operating environment, DBL should perform its SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis and make prudent adjustments to be in the competition. Among other things, the bank must increase its reach by opening new branches across the country, and thereby developing a large core deposit base. Many new products are being introduced by banks and non-banking financial institutions (NBFIs) every now and then. That is why DBL must have a market research team and product development team to identify the underlying market trends and catch them up for the best interest of the banks stakeholders. The bank must give proper attention to maintaining the quality of service it has already attained-because customer satisfaction is the key of profitability in this age of tough competition on a small turf. These are all the recommendations that we can provide on behalf of DBL. They should be very careful about solving their problems. Because they are one of the top commercial bank in the country and they do have their reputations. They need to solve their problems at the same time need to keep their goodwill. There are competitors as well, who are on their toes to get benefited against their little faults.

True Love in The Merchant of Venice Essay -- Merchant of Venice Essays

True Love in The Merchant of Venice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the various themes presented in the Merchant of Venice the most important is the nature of true love.   The casket plot helps illustrate the theme.   Through a variety of suitors the descriptions of the caskets, Shakespeare shows the reader how different people view true love. He also shows what is most important to the suitors and in some cases it is not true love, but material things and outward appearance.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first suitor who tries to win Portia's hand is the Prince of Morocco.   When he first arrives in Belmont, the reader can see how arrogant the prince is, He says, "The best regarded virgins of our clilme/ hath loved it too..." (2.1, 10-11).   He is referring to the color of his ski n that is black.   He is telling Portia that his complexion has won him many women and he is dressed in all white.   The fact that he is, suggests that he is only concerned with outward appearance, and not with more important things such as true love.   The Prince of Morocco's superficial nature shines through even more clearly when it comes time to choose the casket. He does not want to risk anything, and therefore; he does not choose the lead casket whose inscription tells the suitor he must give up everything. The Prince, after looking at the inscription of the gold casket, which read "'who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire'" (2.7, 37), decides that what he desires most is the Portia's hand so the gold must be the correct casket.   He insists that the gold casket is the one holding Portia's picture because she is so much worthier than the lead casket.   The Prince believes t... ...ove, however, is for Bassanio and she wants to marry him.   Bassanio, by choosing to risk everything he has, shows the effects that true love can have on someone.   True love can conquer any fears or apprehensions you may have. He was willing to risk everything he had in order to show his love for Portia.   In the play, Bassanio shows what true love really means and how one can not mistake outward appearances for true love.   Put succinctly, one can do nothing but agree with the adage love conquers all.    Works Cited and Consulted    Barnet Sylvan.   "Introduction." The Merchant of Venice Ed. Sylvan Barnet.   New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jersey : Prentice-Hall Inc., 1970.   1-10.    Granville-Barker, Harley.   "The Merchant of Venice.   " Shakespeare Ed. Leonard F. Dean.   Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1947.   37-71.   

Japans Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay -- History Pearl Harbor

Japan's Attack on Pearl Harbor On the dawn of the 7th of December 1941, the unfolding of the strategic surprise attack on Pearl Harbor which had been planned in secrecy several months in advance by the empire of Japan took place and was known and remembered by many as the day of infamy (Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 7th 1941). The surprise attack executed by the Japanese military code named Kido Butai on Pearl Harbor resulted in many casualties to both the Japanese and American forces. Most importantly the accomplishment of Japans main goal of destroying the possible threat of the United States pacific fleet. Although the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was extremely successful, it also consequently for the Japanese resulted in the awakening of the sleeping giant (Isoroku Yamamoto, December 7th 1941). Pearl Harbor is a simple bay located on the island of Hawaii west of Honolulu. The majority of the Harbor and surrounding land belongs to the United States deep water naval base and also home of the United States Pacific fleet. Many months before the attack on Pearl Harbor the Japanese empire began a southward expansion invading China and much of south East Asia hoping to acquire the rich resources of Asia. The United States strongly opposed this aggression and demanded that Japan stop its actions but the Japanese empire ignored the demands. In December 1937 the dispute between Japan and America was only fuelled when Japanese planes sank the United States river gunboat "Panay", fortunately this crisis was only temporarily resolved by Japanese apologies and reparations. As further tension grew between the two nations, the United States enacted an embargo... ...en as a possible threat to the empire of Japan and also because the United States Pacific fleet had the power and strength to foil Japans plans of invading and taking territory from China and much of south East Asia in search of the natural resources. The Embargo enacted on the Japanese empire by the United States froze all exports of steel, scrap iron, aviation fuel and petroleum, also initially resulted in the attack on Pearl Harbor by the empire of Japan. As the attack on Pearl Harbor proved to be extremely successful for the Japanese, it also consequently resulted in the Awakening of the Sleeping Giant (Isoroku Yamamoto, December 7th 1941). The official involvement of the United States in World War II and also the most consequential obstacle faced by the Japanese empire, the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that killed hundreds of thousands of people.

Apathy and Addiction in William Gibsons Neuromancer Essay -- Neuroman

Apathy and Addiction in Neuromancer       In the postmodern world of William Gibson's Neuromancer, nature is dead, and the world is run by the logic of the corporate machine. Confronted by a reality that is stark, barren, and metallic, and the hopelessness that this reality engenders, the postmodern protagonist, like Case, often immerses himself or herself in an alternate form of reality that is offered in the form of addiction (to virtual reality or drugs, for example), addictions that are made possible by the same society that makes an escape desirable. Such addictions are logical products of the post-modern capitalist society because they perpetuate the steadfast power of the corporation by allowing would-be dissidents an escape from reality, thereby preventing successful rebellion and maintaining the pervasive societal apathy necessary to allow the corporation to dominate undeterred. Case, as the addictive anti-hero, is a product of this stifling cycle of apathy. Lacking the motivation or drive to insti gate any true change in his reality, he avoids the unpleasant realities of his world by entering into the altered reality of addiction.    In the reality of the postmodern world, where nature is gone and has been replaced by technology, where the world and humankind have become fused with the machine, and the existence of morality and reality are uncertain, it is difficult to find hope for a better existence or motivation to attempt to change one's existence. Addiction then becomes a logical avenue of escape from these bleak circumstances--not affecting reality, but transforming it into something bearable. The addictions that Case turns to allow him to escape from the hard reality of his life th... ...e Fiction, and Some Comics. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan UP, 1994.    Gibson, William. Neuromancer. New York: Ace-Berkeley, 1984. ---. Interview with Larry McCaffrey. Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1992. 263-285.    Grant, Glenn. "Transcendence Through Detournement in William Gibson's Neuromancer." Science Fiction Studies. 17 (1990). 41-49.    Hollinger, Veronica. "Cybernetic Deconstruction." Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1992.    Jameson, Frederick. "Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism" New Left Review. 146 (July-August 1984) Rpt in Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1992.    Slusser, George. "Literary MTV." Storming the Reality Studio. Larry McCaffrey, ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1992.   

Ethical Behavior in Business Essay

In the business world employers and business owners should know that there is no room to be dishonest, or greedy dealing with a business. In reality people need to be held responsible and accountable for making sure that they are holding up and following ethical business practices. There is no reason that any business owner or manager should not follow the golden rule at work just like they would at home, treat people the way you want to be treated should work at all times. Thinking about the old saying â€Å"Ignorance is no excuse† would apply in business as well as in our personal life. (Mautner, 2005) It is best to study the business culture of all businesses all over the world, when dealing with International business, all avenues should be addressed before conducting business in different locations. There could be all kinds of bad business practices lawsuits if someone was to go to another country and did not understand the culture of that country. For instance in Mexico they believe that having a siesta during midday production that will help increase their production. Siesta time is usually from 12pm – 2pm and it’s the time to eat or sleep. In the United States most employers give their employees one hour for lunch, it would cause someone to lose their job if they told their supervisor that they was taking a siesta for 2 hours. That is why it is very important to study the culture and all the business practices of all countries so that companies would not be involved in bad or corrupt business transactions. Just because something is legal in the U.S. does not mean that it would be legal in another country. Most places follow different ethic rules and regulations based on their morals. When showing concern for good behavior that is the best way to describe ethics, showing consideration and making sure others are treated the same and equal are the best way to have good business ethics. It’s very much the same as the way we treat our family and friends on a day to day basis, whatever people do in life has consequences because of how we act or not act is another way to describe business ethics, mainly by following the regulations and rules that are expected to be followed by laws and other authority. Knowing that if your business earned only $10,000 for the week and you have earned only $7,000 from sales that week and your payroll office process (checks to the employees and companies that distribute products on a weekly basis) and knowing that all the checks will not clear because there is not enough money to pay all the expenses, this would be unethical and not good for the business. To have good business ethics would be shown by the views of other businesses that do take their business serious and follow the rules of good business ethics. Its best to work with people that have great business goals and taking care of the needs and necessities of the business versus working with someone that really do not care about goals only about how much money they can earn. When a business has good ethical behavior is will show because it would be positive and appropriate. Morally anyone would rather go to a clothing store that is neat and clean and the clothes are matching in colors and styles and accessories are available. As a woman I would not feel comfortable shopping in a store that was messy and not clean and everything look like it had been on the floor and not on hangers, the appearance would be unethical and I would not shop where I felt the morals were low or that the owners seem to not care or have any business ethics. The way you can tell if a business is running under good ethical business tactics would be by the employees work and the overall concept of the organizational actions. A business that does not have good ethics can be spotted right away, if the managers are lazy and don’t have any care about helping their clients or customers and the other employees act the same way, the sales will not be great because of all the negativity. When you see employees that are happy, and enjoy their jobs and all the perks and benefits they will take care of their clients or customers. Each job should make sure that all their employees, including supervisors, managers and everyone Keep high work ethics standards 100% of the time, this helps the business or organization moving in a positive direction. By keeping employees involved with the organization such as conducting training and keeping courses available to improve their performance by communication the mission, and the objectives and actions as an employee there this most definitely would keep the encouragement of positive ethical behaviors to help all benefits for the employees and the organization as well as clients or customers. It’s sad that all business and organization do not have good business ethics and that is why they have a revolving door as far as keeping good employees. Business ethics have been shown through study of all human conduct, as far as emphasis on being right or wrong, this shows that they follows the rules dealing with principles and standards by the way they handle business ethics. The principles and standards that shows marketing conduct that is acceptable is called marketing ethics and its determined by the organization different owners and stakeholders that relate to all the marketing activity. The three main principles that help a business earn trust and have long marketing relationships are the following: * Advertising * Sales * Distribution For instance Fox News Channel always seem to talk negative about democrats, or anyone that is associated with the democratic party. â€Å"I challenge anybody to show me an example of bias in Fox News Channel.† (Rupert Murdoch (Salon, 3/1/01) Ethical behavior and code of ethics requires people to act appropriate and follow the law of the land, which shows exactly what the business ethics are on a day to day basis. â€Å"Business ethics and the codes that formally define it always include elements that go beyond strict legality; they demand adherence to a higher standard† (USLegal.com) People know that we are not supposed to steal or lie to employers on their job, but they continue to do so with no regrets until they are caught. In 2002, legislation passed the (SOX) Sarbanes-Oxley Act which requires all corporation to publish their code of ethics to ensure that people who trade in stock, must publish their code of ethics with any changes to the codes when they are updated, most small businesses are not required to publish their code of ethics, only because they do not have an option with public trade. I feel that organizations should always show and perform with positive ethical conduct all the time, this shows that their business practices are consistently and appropriate for their business ethics. Whenever you see a business that is not doing well the first thing you should look at would be how ethically sound is that business, from the start of dealing with the business, if you notice the business that do not have good morale or work ethics instilled. You will find that this business do not keep employees long because the positive employees with good ethics will leave and find a company that has the needs and business ethics they are looking for as far as a good work environment. In my opinion a business that does not operate with ethics will not function right and when you earn money that has not been earned in an honest way it will not last long because people do reap what they sow, if you plant negative a crooked seeds that is what you will grow in the long run. The best policy would be for a company to have good business ethics and integrity, without these Two main factors for any business they will surely have problems with their business running without issues. The definition lists ethical as â€Å"pertaining to or dealing with morals, or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct†¦being in accordance with the rules and standards, for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession.†